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The Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere in Rome was founded in the third century and commissioned by Pope Callistus I at a time when Christianity was not widely accepted. This makes it one of the earliest churches in Rome dedicated to the Virgin Mary, serving as a sanctuary for early Christians. Located on the beautiful piazza in the famous Trastevere district, the basilica stands as a symbol of the transition of Rome from a pagan to a Christian city.
It contains remarkable 12th-century mosaics that are considered some of the finest examples of Byzantine art in Rome.
History
Santa Maria in Trastevere was founded by Pope Callistus I (217-22) but was built around 350 A.D. under Pope Julius I (337-52). During that period, the church was known as Titulus Callisti, reflecting its dedication to the founder. However, it faced significant destruction during the sack of Rome in 410. This tragic event marked an important historical turning point, leading to its reconstruction and rededication to the Virgin Mary by Pope Celestine (422-32), who sought to restore its glory as a place of worship.
Another reconstruction was undertaken by Pope Hadrian I (772-95). Later, Pope Gregory IV (827-44) added a crypt to house the relics of early popes, including Callistus, Julius I, and Cornelius, who were exhumed from the catacombs. These additions underline the basilica’s enduring connection to early Christianity and its martyrs. Renovations continued under Pope Leo IV (847-55) and Benedict III (855-58), emphasizing the church’s importance in papal history.
The church was completely reconstructed in the 12th century by Pope Innocent II (1130-43) using materials from the ancient Baths of Caracalla
The current structure features a Romanesque bell tower and a 12th-13th-century mosaic on the façade depicting the Madonna della Clemenza and ten women, symbolizing wisdom and virtue. At the entrance, visitors encounter the sculpture of San Antonio, famous for granting wishes. It has become a beloved tradition for both tourists and locals to make a wish during their visit to the basilica.
A compelling legend surrounds the site, claiming that when Christ was born, a stream of pure oil flowed from the Earth here, signifying the coming of divine grace. This legend is immortalized by the column near the altar, marking the spot where this miraculous event is believed to have occurred. Such myths deepen the spiritual allure of Santa Maria in Trastevere, intertwining religious belief with local lore.
What to See Inside the Basilica
Stepping inside Santa Maria in Trastevere is like walking into a masterpiece of art and history.
The basilica’s interiors are adorned with remarkable mosaics, altars, tombs, and sculptures that showcase the artistic achievements of various periods. Here’s what you shouldn’t miss:
Pietro Cavallini’s Apse Mosaics
The apse features breathtaking 12th-century mosaics by Pietro Cavallini, one of the most influential artists bridging the Byzantine and early Renaissance styles. The mosaic cycle, “Scenes from the Life of the Virgin,” depicts episodes such as the Annunciation and the Nativity, emphasizing Mary’s central role in salvation. Look closely at the intricate gold backgrounds and the lifelike expressions on the figures, which were revolutionary for their time.
Madonna della Clemenza Icon
This iconic early medieval image of the Virgin Mary, located near the altar, is a significant relic of Marian devotion. It is considered one of the oldest representations of the Virgin in Rome and a key work of early Christian art. The Madonna is portrayed as a regal figure, reflecting the importance of Mary in Christian iconography.
The High Altar and Baldachin
The richly decorated high altar, covered by a 12th-century baldachin, is a focal point of the church. The altar is believed to contain relics of early Christian martyrs, making it a site of veneration for pilgrims. The intricate marble and mosaic details on the baldachin highlight the craftsmanship of medieval artisans.
Side Chapels
The basilica contains several chapels, each with unique artistic and historical features. Notable among them is the Altemps Chapel, which boasts beautiful frescoes and marble decorations. The Corsini Chapel, commissioned by Pope Clement XII, reflects Baroque grandeur with its lavish stucco work and statues.
Tombs and Funerary Monuments
Throughout the basilica, you will find tombs of prominent figures from Roman and papal history. Pay attention to the intricately carved sarcophagi and epitaphs that tell stories of those interred here. The tomb of Pope Innocent II, who commissioned the basilica’s 12th-century reconstruction, is a notable highlight.
The Crypt
The crypt, added by Pope Gregory IV, houses the remains of several early popes, including Callistus I. It is a profoundly spiritual place that reflects the continuity of faith from the catacombs to the grand basilicas of Rome.
Sculptures of Saints
The sculpture of Saint Anthony near the entrance is a favorite among visitors. Known for granting wishes, it has become an object of devotion for many. Additionally, statues of other saints can be found throughout the basilica, contributing to its spiritual atmosphere.
What to See Outside Basilica
The octagonal fountain in the center of the piazza was restored in the 17th century by Carlo Fontana. It is the Roman original and is a famous gathering place for locals and tourists. The portico is a 19th-century addition with fragments from the earlier temples, dating back from the 4th to 9th centuries.
There are 22 granite columns taken from the ruins of ancient Roman buildings inside the church
The triumphal arch of Santa Maria di Trastevere depicts the Four Evangelists, the prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah, caged birds as an embodiment of sins, seven candlesticks, and a Christogram.
The mosaics on the apse vault and triumphal arch are from the 12th century. The apse vault presents the coronation of the Virgin with saints and Pope Innocent II holding a model of the basilica. Moreover, the six mosaic panels lower on the apse were made by Pietro Cavallini. On the left side of the altar is the Altemps Chapel (1588) with Baroque decoration.
Santa Maria in Trastevere has a replica of Saint Appolonia and a portion of the Holy Sponge
Also, Pope Callistus I and Lorenzo Cardinal Campeggio were buried in the basilica.
Hotel Santa Maria
Hotel Santa Maria located near the basilica is a 3-star hotel with beautiful rooms. It has a great location because many restaurants have inexpensive dishes and high-quality ingredients. Moreover, most Roman famous sites can be reached within a footwalk.
The Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere is one of the most remarkable churches of Rome, which gathers many tourists daily. Moreover, it has a great location in the heart of beautiful Trastevere, where you can visit one of the local or international restaurants and enjoy the atmosphere of the old city.
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