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Home / Ancient Roman Sites and Ruins /

Circus Maximus

Written by: Artur Jakucewicz

Circo Massimo
Closest bus stops
Circo Massimo5 min 257 m: 51 81 85 87 118 160 628 C3 L70
Closest subway stations
Circo Massimo7 min 333 m: B
Address Via del Circo Massimo, Roma

The Circus Maximus (in Italian Circo Massimo) is the giant racetrack of ancient Rome, situated on the left bank of the Tiber River, between the Palatine and Aventine hills, near the center of the modern city.

Contents

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  • Check Your Knowledge Before Visit the Circus Maximus
    • How many spectators could the Circus Maximus hold?
    • Where is the Circus Maximus located?
    • What was the Circus Maximus in ancient Rome?
    • How was Circus Maximus built?
    • How long did it take to build Circo Massimo?
    • How was Circus Maximus destroyed?
    • What was the Circus Maximus made out of?
    • What is Circus Maximus used for today?
    • How much did the Romans charge to enter the Circus Maximus?
    • How was the Circus Maximus different from the Colosseum?
    • How much would it cost today to build a stadium similar to Circo Massimo?
  • The Name
  • Description
  • The Decay
  • The Legend of the Sabine Women
  • Nearby Attractions

Check Your Knowledge Before Visit the Circus Maximus

How many spectators could the Circus Maximus hold?

At its zenith, the Circus Maximus was a testament to the grandeur of ancient Rome, accommodating a staggering 250,000 spectators. This colossal structure, the largest stadium in ancient Rome and one of the largest ever built, underwent numerous expansions and significant renovations, notably during Julius Caesar's reign in the 1st century BCE, to cater to the growing demand for entertainment.

Where is the Circus Maximus located?

The Circus Maximus is located in Rome, Italy, situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine Hills. It is about a 15-minute walk from the Colosseum.

What was the Circus Maximus in ancient Rome?

The Circus Maximus was a sizeable Roman chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue. It hosted chariot races, public games, gladiator fights, and religious ceremonies.

How was Circus Maximus built?

The Circus Maximus was initially built in the 6th century BCE and underwent multiple renovations. It featured a long, U-shaped structure with tiered seating, starting as a wooden structure and later being reconstructed in stone and marble.



How long did it take to build Circo Massimo?

The initial construction of the Circus Maximus, starting from zero to completion, took several years. However, specific records detailing the exact duration are sparse. Given the scale and the building techniques of the time, it is estimated that the original version, primarily built with wood, took approximately 5 to 10 years to complete. Subsequent expansions and renovations, especially those using stone and marble, extended the construction timeline over centuries.

How was Circus Maximus destroyed?

The Circus Maximus suffered several fires, with major ones in 31 BCE, 64 CE, and 103 CE. It was partially rebuilt each time but eventually fell into disuse and decay after the fall of the Roman Empire.

What was the Circus Maximus made out of?

Initially constructed from wood, the Circus Maximus was later rebuilt with stone, marble, and concrete. The seating tiers and the outer façade were covered in marble.

What is Circus Maximus used for today?

Today, the Circus Maximus continues to be a vibrant part of Rome's cultural landscape. Transformed into a public park and historical site, it serves as a venue for concerts, events, and public gatherings, bridging the gap between ancient history and modern life and preserving its legacy as a place of mass entertainment.

How much did the Romans charge to enter the Circus Maximus?

Entrance to the Circus Maximus was generally free for Roman citizens, subsidized by the state or wealthy sponsors as part of their public duty and to gain favor with the populace.

How was the Circus Maximus different from the Colosseum?

The Circus Maximus and the Colosseum, two iconic structures of ancient Rome, differed in their design and purpose. The Circus Maximus was primarily a chariot racing stadium with a long, elliptical track designed to accommodate a large number of spectators. In contrast, the Colosseum was an amphitheater designed for gladiatorial contests, animal hunts, and public spectacles, with a more circular design. The Circus Maximus had a larger capacity, while the Colosseum was more focused on combat entertainment, reflecting the diverse interests of the Roman populace.

How much would it cost today to build a stadium similar to Circo Massimo?

Estimating the cost to build a stadium similar to the Circus Maximus today is a complex process that involves considering modern construction techniques, materials, and labor costs. Given its vast size and capacity to hold 250,000 spectators, a comparable modern stadium could cost between $1.5 to $2 billion. This estimate factors in advanced materials, safety standards, and amenities required for contemporary stadiums, highlighting the significant differences between ancient and modern construction methods.

The Name

The name Circo Massimo comes from the Latin Circus Maximus. One of the meanings of the word “circus” is a hippodrome, a place for horse contests. For centuries, horse racing has been taking place in the valley between the hills. However, the initial function of the racetrack was to host the Roman Games (Ludi Romani), which were part of a more critical festival honoring Jupiter.

The first events were held in Rome in 500 BC, during the rule of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Quadrigas – chariots drawn by four horses abreast – competed in a straight-line race. Having reached the end of the valley, they turned around and were galloping at full speed back, trying to cross the finish line first.

The rules were changed in the 2nd century BC due to the construction of a watercourse in Rome in about 146 BC. To build it, they dug a tunnel 4,5 meters high and 2,5 meters wide (14 ft 9 in x 8 ft 2 in ) on the level ground of the valley. Along the whole hippodrome, one hill was left untouched so that quadrigas could race in circles. This fact thoroughly explains the second meaning of the Latin word “circus” – a circle, and then an Italian word “Circo” – “circus” – appeared. The Circus really was “Massimo” – large, having the size of the entire valley, 600 meters long and 150 meters wide (2000 ft x 500 ft).

Description

Descriptions of the Circus vary depending on the period of its development. At first, people who wanted to watch the horse racing set directly on the slopes of the hill. Then, the first buildings appeared with time: benches for the most respected and wealthy citizens, a wooden launch, and stalls for horses.

In its heyday, when the first Roman emperors ruled, the Circus was one of the most impressive constructions in Rome. In the 1st century BC, Gaius Julius Caesar rebuilt it, having expanded and extended the arena and having dug the channel around it.

Now, due to the new dimensions (621 m (2,037 ft) length and 118 m (387 ft) width!), it could hold 12 quadrigas at the same time.

They erected a fence around the stadium, built wooden stands for the patricians, and seating tiers for plebeians. The Circus could accommodate 150,000 spectators, and during the next centuries, the number more than doubled. At least, as many fans were supporting their favorites standing upright.

Circus Maximus in Rome

There were three towers at the one end of the arena: the central one had the gateway for entry, and the other two were completed with stalls for horses (standing cells) in a semicircle. Winners were leaving the Circus through the gate on the opposite side.

Along with the arena, there was a narrow platform decorated with two ancient Egyptian obelisks in the middle. Both obelisks survived and can be found at Piazza del Popolo (a large urban square in Rome known as “People’s Square”) and at Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano in front of the Lateran Palace.

Circo Massimo in Rome reconstruction model

The platform was completed with conical stone pillars – metal on both sides. Chariot racing started from one metal and ended at the opposite end of the arena in seven laps. There were two stands on the platform with seven wooden eggs placed on each to count the number of laps. After some time, a number of small fountains in the form of bronze dolphins – sea horses of a patron of horse-racing Neptunus – were added.

The Decay

After Caesar’s reign, the Circus Maximus attracted the inhabitants of ancient Rome for about 500 years. However, the end of its glory seemed to be far away. Many emperors who ruled in Rome contributed to the decoration of the Circus. Thus, after a fire in Rome in 31 BC, Emperor Augustus restored the Circus and gave it its final shape. Stone, stage-shaped stands for privileged spectators – senators and horseback riders – became the foundation. Two upper tiers remained wooden, and arcades with shops and taverns appeared outside. Decorating continued after Augustus: Emperor Claudius made standing cells marble and metal–gold. Finally, under Emperor Nero’s order, the channel was filled up to expand the arena.

The last race in the Circus Maximus was held in 549 AD, during the reign of Emperor Totila. After this one, the era of destruction began.

Romans took stones from ancient structures to construct new buildings; the remains were covered with soil. In the 19th century, archaeologists, before the construction of the gas plant here, found lower tiers of the Circus at a depth of 6 meters (19 ft 8 in).

Today, you can find a vast oval meadow in the Circus Maximus in Rome. The size of the remaining ruins – parts of the track, marble standing cells, and stone stands – impresses our contemporaries. A recreation area, significant for the city, is situated here. It is often used for mass festivities, military hardware parades, concerts, and Rome’s birthday celebrations.

Rome Circus Maximus Rolling stone concert seat plan

Thus, on June 22nd, 2014, the only concert of the legendary music band Rolling Stones in Italy during the world tour, which brought together 65,000 rock fans, was held here.

The Legend of the Sabine Women

Ancient Romans believed that the events of the legend of the Sabine women, which has become one of the favorite subjects of the world culture, took place here, in the valley of the Circus Maximus.

The legend of the Sabine women Circo Massimo Rome

During Romulus’s reign, Rome was located on the Palatine and was so strong that it could subjugate all around. Unfortunately, there were no women in the city, only soldiers who couldn’t find families. The Romans negotiated unsuccessfully with neighbors, so the cunning Romulus invited them to celebrate a festival of Neptune Equester in a large valley at the foot of the Palatine.

Sabine women legend in the valley of the Circus Maximus Ancient Rome

Sabines also came with their wives and children. But unfortunately, during the celebration, Romans grabbed the Sabine women. Their husbands and brothers could not stand the insult and soon laid siege to Rome, but the same women, who were the bone of contention, were able to reconcile the men. Thus, the unification of disparate fortified settlements on the seven hills into an ancient and eternal city began.

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Author: Artur Jakucewicz

Artur Jakucewicz

I have lived in Rome for over 10 years and am glad to share my experience and knowledge. I love ancient history and architecture — author of travel guides in Italy for independent travelers.

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