Visiting the Vatican City & Holy See

Visiting the Vatican City

The independent city-state of the Vatican (Città del Vaticano) was founded in accordance with the Lateran Treaty between the Italian State and the Roman Catholic Church in 1929. It is located on the right bank of the Tiber river in the western part of Rome.

The Vatican is the smallest republic or sovereign nation in the world, and it houses all the highest governing bodies of the Roman Catholic Church, including the residence of the Pope. Its area is only 0.44 square kilometers or 0.17 square miles.

Today, the population is multinational and consists of about 500 people.

What Can You See Inside the Vatican?

The Vatican City State is one of the most famous destinations among travelers from all around the globe. There are approximately 30,000 visitors in a day.

Don’t forget that if you are going to visit the Vatican museums, the Sistine Chapel, Gardens, the dome and St Peter’s Basilica, you should follow opening hours, where morning time is the best one because of fewer number of tourists.

You can book tickets online in advance on the official website of the Vatican with a reservation fee of 4 euros. Moreover, you don’t have to pay to visit St Peter’s Basilica since there is no entrance fee. The entrance location to the basilica is on the right side of St. Peter’s Square.

Also, it is always better to take a tour of the Vatican with a licensed tour guide, who will explain everything to you about this powerful city-state, its art objects, the life of locals, and the most popular jobs and events. In addition, there are lots of stores where you can buy different souvenirs related to the Vatican.

Museums & Sistine Chapel

The Vatican Museums house impressive collections of art, ethnoanthropology, and archaeology collected by the Popes over several centuries. Also, there are some of the Apostolic Palace’s most historically significant and artistically valuable rooms. As part of the museums, the Sistine Chapel was built by the architect Giovannino de’ Dolci at the end of the 15th century by order of Pope Sixtus IV.

Inside, the chapel’s dome is painted with famous frescoes by Michelangelo. Also, the Sistine Chapel is always open to visitors, except when the procedure of electing a new pope is in process. There are beautiful frescoes in the Sistine Chapel with lots of small details.

Mass

Masses with the Pope take place in St. Peter’s Basilica, in St. Peter’s Square, or both together, depending on the kind of celebration and the number of visitors. However, most of the masses are celebrated at St Peter’s Basilica because of its massive capacity of more than 15 thousand attendees. The Holy See issues various types of tickets for St Peter’s Basilica Masses as tickets for Cardinals, Governors and Diplomats, Bishops, Priests, special guests, and public tickets. Thus, for most of these masses, you will need to have a ticket, which is always free of admission. However, masses at the Square host up to 80 thousand visitors, and you don’t need a ticket to visit any of them. Papal audiences take place on Wednesdays and Sundays. You can check the schedule on the official website of the Vatican. Mass cards are available during each mass.

You can get tickets directly from the Swiss Guards in St. Peter’s Square at the “Bronze Door” from 8 am until 8 pm (summer time) and 8 am until 7 pm (winter time) usually from 3 days before the mass

Church of St.Peter

The unique monument of the Renaissance and an embodiment of the Vatican’s wealth in the square is St. Peter’s Cathedral, built according to the project of Donato Bramante.

The facade of the cathedral was designed by Carlo Maderna. Furthermore, the Cathedral of St. Peter crowns the creation of Michelangelo Buonarroti. In addition, St. Peter’s Cathedral was recognized as the greatest creation of world architecture. To go inside the basilica, you don’t have to pay.

We recommend the Tour to St Peter’s Basilica and the Castle of St. Angel at sunrise with a climb to the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral, where you will skip lines and discover the city during the most beautiful daytime with the nicest views.

St. Peter Square

Every year, thousands of tourists and pilgrims travel to the Vatican. All of them want to receive the papal blessing and see unique monuments of architecture and history.

The twenty-five-meter Egyptian obelisk rises in the center of Rome’s largest square, St. Peter’s Square. Visiting the Vatican is one of the “must-sees” during a tour trip to Rome. However, you should follow the timing for not to spend the whole day in the crowd of tourists, so it is better to visit the city-state at sunrise. Moreover, the bigger part of the city-state’s territory has limited access, and regular tourists can’t go inside and explore destinations where citizens live. There are lots of official tour services directly on the square.

The size of the area is 340 by 240 meters. Moreover, the colonnade around the area consists of 284 columns created by Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini. Talking about the façade of the square, it is 114.69 meters wide and 48 meters high.

It has an order of Corinthian columns and pilasters with an imposing cornice with a central tympanum crowned by a balustrade with thirteen statues.

The distance from St Peter’s square to Vatican Museums is 1 km walk

Gardens

The gardens of the Vatican are one of the most protected places in the world. They are considered the most beautiful gardens in Europe. There, people with special rights can perfectly relax among greenery and silence. Moreover, 20 gardeners take care of these gardens on a regular basis.

There are many fountains, but the most impressive one is the Galea Fountain, built in the 17th century. This is a small copy of the Italian galea, which shoots water from 16 cannons. You can buy tickets for the entrance to the gardens of the Vatican on the official website by making a reservation. There is a tour with an audio guide available on the website, where you can discover the whole Vatican, including gardens, in one day by train and bus shuttle:

Another option is to take a guided tour from the official website for groups of up to 15 people who desire to visit the Vatican museums or the Vatican Gardens, which is available at particular times and days of the week. You should check in advance the availability of tickets for your dates. It is definitely worth visiting the gardens.

Read about my experience visiting the Vatican Gardens.

Dress code

Entry to the Vatican Museums, the Sistine Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica and the Vatican Gardens is permitted with a strict dress code. Males need to wear long pants and at least short sleeves, while women shouldn’t have shoulders or knees showing.

Tours & Tickets

Entrance to St. Peter’s Square is free of admission
Entrance to St. Peter’s Cathedral is also free, but long queues exist. Its opening hours are from 7 am to 5 pm, except Wednesday and Sunday. However, on Wednesday you can visit the basilica starting from noon. There are metal detectors before the entrance. Moreover, you can easily skip the line until 8 am because there are almost no queues
The dome of the cathedral is Rome’s highest viewing platform. You can buy the ticket right before climbing there. The price is 8 euros on foot and 10 euros with an elevator. Also, you can get to the dome only from the cathedral. In the afternoon, there can be a waiting queue of up to 30 minutes.
Vatican Museums: the price is 21 euros (17 + 4 for online reservation). We recommend buying tickets online in advance; otherwise, there is a chance that they will not be available for you dates. The number of tickets for each date is limited

Each Friday from 20^th of April until 26^th of October, starting from 7 pm, you can visit the Vatican Museums at night

Must-see Attractions in the Vatican

There are lots of spots and masterpieces to see in the Vatican, but don’t miss an opportunity to visit the main ones:

The Sistine Chapel – is one of the greatest treasures of Vatican City and the world. It is famous for its frescoes. Moreover, the chapel is the temple in which popes are chosen and crowned
Michelangelo’s Pieta – the masterpiece which helped launch Michelangelo’s career. The scene of the Pieta shows the Virgin Mary holding the dead body of Christ after his crucifixion and removal from the cross
The dome of St. Peter – the highest viewpoint of Rome. It was finished by Giacomo della Porta in 1590. Moreover, it offers amazing views of the Vatican City and Rome
Raphael’s Rooms – the four rooms known as the Stanze of Raphael located on the second floor of the Pontifical Palace that was chosen by pontiff Julius II della Rovere as his own residence. The decoration of them was made by Raphael and his school between 1508 and 1524
Gallery of Maps – 40 maps frescoed on the walls represent the Italian regions and the papal properties at the time of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585). They were painted by Ignazio Danti, a famous geographer of that time
Pinacoteca – the building consists of eighteen rooms, commissioned by Pius IX (1922-1939) and completed in 1931. There is a collection of paintings belonging to different popes. However, many paintings were taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1797 but returned to the Vatican after the Congress of Vienna in 1815
The Pope’s Garage – the underground exhibit houses more than a dozen ornate papal carriages and several papal cars

Name of the City-State

The name of the city-state came from the name of the hill on which it is located – Vaticanus. The perimeter of the Vatican’s territory is surrounded by medieval walls. Within the city-state are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter’s Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the most notable paintings and sculptures.

History

Talking about the creation of the Vatican Republic, the Pope used to rule the Papal States, which included most of Italy. Catholic popes tried to stop Italy from becoming one country because they feared to lose the control of at least one of the Papal States. In 1861, Italy was unified under the King of Savoy, but Rome and Latium remained unconquered. On September 20, 1870, Italian troops invaded and Rome became capital of the new kingdom. In 1929, Benito Mussolini decided to sign an agreement with the Holy See, called the Lateran Treaty, which established the Vatican State.

On the territory of the Vatican are the palace complexes, the Vatican Gardens, art galleries, museums and various administrative buildings. Also, the border with Italy passes through the St. Peter’s Square.

However, it is not marked on the ground. Another important information is that by the principle of extraterritoriality, some objects located on the Italian side belong to the Vatican. These include the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, the radio station Santa Maria di Gallery, and the summer papal residence in Castel Gandolfo. In addition, several educational institutions are also subordinate to the Vatican. Among them, the University of Pope Urban, founded in 1927, the University of St. Thomas Aquinas, founded in 1909, and several others.

Secret archives

The Vatican Secret Archives (Archivio Segreto Vaticano) is the central repository in the city-state for all the acts manifested by the Holy See.

Each Pope is considered the archives owner until his death or registration, with ownership transferring to his successor. The archives contain documentaries such as the state papers, papal account books, and correspondence that the catholic church gathered for centuries. In the 17^th century, Pope Paul V ordered the separation of the Secret Archives from the Vatican Library, where scholars had limited access to them. In 1881, Pope Leo XIII opened access to researches, and thousands of them examine some of these documents also today. Tourists can’t go inside, but there are many documentaries with the virtual tour to the archives.

These hidden archives are not secret in terms of information despite of its high-security measures. When you translate from Latin, more precise meaning will be “private” archives, indicating to the Pope’s personal property. However, parts of the materials prohibited for outside viewing relate to contemporary personalities and private records of church figures after 1922.

There are few millimeters worth of pages have been digitalized and available online

Many conspiracy theorists claim that the Archives contain correspondence between St Paul and Emperor Nero pertaining to Jesus’ existence. Also, some of them believe that the Vatican may be hiding the proof that Jesus did not exist.

Another interesting theory is that there is evidence of an alien life form, where the Pope is conspiring with aliens to implant humanity with computer chips. Also, documents that testify to the unprecedented Armenian genocide by the Ottoman Empire after the First World War are stored there. Such fiction works as “Angels and Demons” by Dan Brown tried to open the topic of the Vatican Secret Archives’ myths.

Facts and Figures

The Vatican has a fascinating structure and buildings with known masterpieces worldwide. Read about the most important, funny, and cool facts and figures of the city-state:

Area: 44 hectares
The length of the state border is 3 kilometers
You can pass the whole territory of the Vatican in about an hour
Population: 1100 permanent residents, 95% of them are men
Official language: Latin
ATMs: Vatican ATMs are the only ones in the world where the main language used on the screen is Latin
Time zone: Central European
Phone Code: 0-03906
There are no traffic lights in the Vatican
Citizens of the Vatican do not pay Italian taxes, even if they live in Rome
Airplanes can’t pass the airspace of the Vatican
The Vatican has its own zone in the Internet domain .va
Official website: vatican.va
The Vatican Palaces consist of connected buildings with more than 1 thousand rooms. There are apartments, museums, chapels, government offices, and meeting rooms inside the palaces
The Pope’s residence is the Palace of Sixtus V
The first Christian emperor of Rome, Constantine, ordered the building of St. Peter’s Basilica. The location where it is now was chosen according to the belief that St. Peter was buried after his crucifixion in 64 AD there. The church was completed in about 349 AD
There have now been 266 popes in history, where the first one was St. Peter in 32 AD
In history, there were three popes under the age of 25. The last one was Pope Gregory V, who was 24 when elected in 996
Also, there were three popes over 80 years old when elected. The last one was Pope Gregory XII, who was 81 when elected in 1406
In the Middle Ages, cardinals often voted for a random candidate on the first papal ballot to see how other cardinals were leaning. However, in 1334 they all voted for the same person. This is how Pope Benedict XII was accidentally elected
Current Pope Francis worked as a nightclub bouncer, a janitor sweeping floors, and in a chemical laboratory before joining the Jesuits
Vatican citizens drink more wine per person than citizens of any other country, according to the statistics of the California Wine Institute. Residents consume about 105 bottles over the course of a year

Holy See

The Holy See (Santa Sede) is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome. It is the main reference for the Catholic Church everywhere. Moreover, The Holy See is an independent sovereign entity that holds the Vatican City enclave in Rome. The main responsibility of it is to maintain diplomatic relations with other states. In addition, it is some kind of an analog to a state while administered by the Roman Curia.

Is Vatican City a country?

Vatican City is the capital of the Vatican City State, located in Rome, Italy. Its ISO code is 3166-2, and the city code is 379. The Vatican is the smallest country in the world, also known as the Holy See.

Citizenship is acquired only by special kinds of people as high-ranking hierarchy and staff living here. It is extended to permanent residents of its territorial possessions and diplomats within its embassies. It is not easy to get a passport of the Vatican at all. Moreover, all popes throughout history were chosen wisely according to the criteria by which they would manage to control the holy area. The world’s tiniest sovereign state has its own pharmacies, fire station, shopping center, etc.

Vatican City Population

The Vatican’s population has increased over the last several years. For instance, in December 2024, the number of people who lived in the country was 520, including the Pope.

Today, of the more than 800 residents, over 450 have Vatican passports and citizenship. There are many different nations, and each citizen has dual citizenship.

Bank

The Institute for the Works of Religion (Istituto per le Opere di Religione), also known as the Vatican Bank, is a private bank located on the territory of the Vatican City and run by a Board of Superintendence, which accounts to a Supervisory Commission of Cardinals and the Pope. Its president is Jean-Baptiste de Franssu. Moreover, the institute was established by the papal decree of Pope Pius XII in 1942.

Wall

According to the history of the Roman Empire, Leonine City is the part of Rome around which located the 19th-century Leonine Wall on the opposite side of the Tiber river. Pope Leo IV commissioned the wall construction, and the Vatican City is within this enclosed area.

The wall was built in 846 year and is dimensioned 14 m high with 44 towers.

However, Leonine City also contains the Roman rione of Borgo, which is more extensive than the Vatican. From the side of St Peter’s Basilica, the wall doesn’t exist, and the territories are divided only by lines. So, visitors have access to entry into Vatican borders. The wall’s dimensions are impressive, you can notice it while walking along streets near the Vatican area. Moreover, although Rome is full of graffiti lovers, there are no “amateur paintings” along this wall.

Radio

The radio of the Vatican broadcasts in 45 languages. Also, it has an international sound of all Pope’s live ceremonies, including General Audience, Sunday Angelus, pontifical ceremonies, and other major events. Its main institutional task is to record, translate and distribute the sound of all the Pope’s public activities and local news. Of course, it also services in English, Italian, and Latin, as three main languages, and you can find the radio records online and on the radio’s Facebook. However, Vatican Radio’s English shortwave broadcast to Asia doesn’t operate anymore after almost 60 years of serving.

Live translations on FM 105 & 103.8 Mhz: www.radiovaticana.va
Facebook page with recordings and media: www.facebook.com/RadioVatican

Keys: online manuscripts catalog, entrance, address, history, collection, secrets

Newspaper

L’Osservatore Romano is the newspaper of Vatican City with news, editorials, and digital archives. It is the daily newspaper of the Vatican City State with the Pope’s discourses and reports on the activities of the Holy See and contains many cultural articles. It has several sections: Holy Father, Roman Curia, News Services, Vatican City State, Liturgical Year, and Liturgical Celebrations.

Flag

The flag 🇻🇦 of Vatican City was accepted in 1929, the same year when the Lateran Treaty was signed with Italy. The flag is modeled on one of the earlier Papal States. It consists of two vertical bands: yellow (gold) and white, with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the Papal Tiara in the center of the white band.

Library

Pope Nicholas V established the library of the Vatican in 1448. He combined 350 Greek, Latin, and Hebrew codices inherited from his predecessors and his own collection. The Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana was officially established in 1475. There are more than one million books and the same number of manuscripts in the library of the Vatican.

Undoubtedly, the Pope has a right to take any book he wants for an unlimited period, while for other people, there is quite limited access to the entrance. The library contains an online manuscripts catalog. In its books and archives, one can find many secrets of the world’s historical events. The library addresses the territory of the Vatican State.

Pope

The Pope is the head of the church or, as many say, “King of the Vatican City” and heir to St. Peter – the most important symbol of Catholicism for more than a billion believers worldwide. He is also the “general director” of the church, responsible for the order within the organization, existing for 2000 years. Finally, he manages the Vatican, a state – the church’s property, which is a huge responsibility.

Each Wednesday and Sunday, you can come to the St Peter’s square to have a unique opportunity of seeing the Pope at the Vatican.

Of course, the Pope lives in the Vatican.

Papal conclave

A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals dedicated to electing the Pope (a bishop of Rome).

Traditionally, if the meeting of cardinals comes to the final opinion, there is smoke from the pipe of the chapel, which goes from the burning bulletins. If the decision is not made, the color of the smoke is black, but when the new pope is elected, the color of the smoke is white.

One of the most interesting facts about the papal conclave is that the longest papal election lasted three years. It was in the 13^th century, in the Italian town of Viterbo, because previously, elections took place where the last pope had died. It took 2 years and 9 months to choose a successor to Clement IV. Gregory X was finally chosen as the new pope in 1271.

Papal infallibility

Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Catholic Church. It states that in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope can’t make an error since he is preserved from it. This doctrine was defined dogmatically at the First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican in 1870. When looking at a catechism (a summary of the principles of Christian religion in the form of questions and answers) with the great number of doctrines, most of the, have never formally been defined. For example, there are many topics on which it would be impossible for a pope to make an infallible definition without duplication one or several infallible pronouncements of the Church.

First pope

The first Pope is considered Saint Peter, also known as Simon Peter of Cephas. He became one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. There is a belief that he had authority over the other apostles. The Roman Catholic Church states that after the recorded events of the book of Acts, the Apostle Peter became the first bishop of Rome.

John Paul II

Starting from 1978, Pope John Paul II (1920-2005) was the first non-Italian pope in more than 400 years. He was born in Wadowice, Poland. Moreover, he was a vocal advocate for human rights and effected political changes.

Benedict XVI

Pope Benedict XVI served as Pope from 2005, after John Paul II, until his resignation in 2013. In 1951, he ordained as a priest in Bavaria, his homeland, and became a full professor in 1958. For a long time, he was an academic and professor of theology at several German universities. Later, Ratzinger was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and Cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977. On June 29 2016, Pope Benedict appeared in public for the 65^th anniversary of his priestly ordination.

Pope Benedict XVI’s official website: w2.vatican.va/benedict-xvi

Pope Francis

Pope Francis is the 266 current Pope and sovereign of the Vatican. He became the new pope starting from the 28^th of February 2013, when a papal conclave elected him as the successor of Pope Benedict XVI. Jorge Mario Bergoglio chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi.

Pope Francis’s official website: w2.vatican.va/francesco

Swiss Guard

The story of the Swiss Guard starts in 1506 when it was founded by Pope Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere), who was very fond of the Swiss army. For his protection, he ordered 150 Swiss soldiers. Julius II, nicknamed among the militants the Fighter, even sent the Guard to battle with the French, who occupied Italy before its unification.

The Guard was almost destroyed during the rout of Rome by German and Spanish mercenaries sent by King Charles V in 1527. During the storming of the Vatican, while defending it on the steps of St. Peter’s Cathedral, 147 guardsmen were killed. It was 3/4 of the newly enlarged staff, including their leader, along with his wife, who saw her husband’s death and took her own weapon to fight until she died at the entrance to the basilica. The surviving guards helped Pope Clement VII, and the thirteen cardinals safely escape to the Castle of Saint Angel.

Stunning brown suits were invented by a Vatican seamstress by order of Benedict XV in 1914. Most likely, for the development of such an original uniform, she was inspired by one of the images of Raffaello Santi. On the anniversary of the Vatican’s heroic defense on May 6, 1527, were solemn ceremonies for new members to join the Guard who took the oath of allegiance to the Pope.

Candidates for guardsmen must be from 18 to 25 years old and about 180 centimeters tall. Once enrolled in the composition, recruits learn to battle with swords and halberds, just as their predecessors. During the patrolling of the Vatican, the Swiss Guard does not carry firearms. This prohibition was introduced by Pope Paul VI in 1970. To protect the capital of all the apostles, only halberds are used. In addition to the honorable profession and a very prestigious entry in the workbook, the guards receive a very decent salary, which is about 4000 euros per month.

Best Hotels Near the Vatican City

There are many Vatican City Guest Houses, suites, and charming 3, 4, or 5-star hotels in the Prati area. Moreover, you will find many attractions in this area and excellent access to other parts of Rome via public transport.

Gran Melia Rome

Gran Melia Rome offers elegant rooms with views of the Vatican, Castel Sant’Angelo, or the hotel’s garden. This 5-star hotel has an on-site spa with an outdoor swimming pool. It is located in 801 m from St Peter’s Basilica and in 10-min walk away from the famous Trastevere area.

Hotel La Rovere

Hotel La Rovere is only 651 m from St Peter’s Square. It offers modern rooms and a continental breakfast with Italian pastries, cereals, and drinks. Some rooms have spacious private terraces with tables and chairs.

Starhotels Michelangelo Rome

Starhotels Michelangelo Rome is located right next to the Vatican City and a 10-min walk from Saint Peter’s Square. There are rooms with classic decor and air conditioning. Moreover, the hotel is just half a kilometer from San Pietro Train Station.

Hotel Paolo II

Hotel Paolo II is located in a building from the early 1900s and offers accommodations in a quiet area of Rome. There is only a 15-minute walk to the Vatican Museums. All rooms have a flat-screen TV and air conditioning.

B&B Fantasie Romane

B&B Fantasie Romane is located only 366 m from St Peter’s Basilica. It offers a buffet or Italian breakfast. Moreover, it is an excellent choice for travelers interested in museums, art, and culture.

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Eccelso Hotel

Eccelso Hotel is located only 366 m from Vatican Museums and 458 m from St Peter’s Square. This is a 3-star hotel with beautiful rooms and all amenities. A la carte breakfast is available daily at the property.

Hotel S. Anna

Sant’Anna Hotel is a 17th-century building located just 398 m from Castel Sant’Angelo and less than a 10-minute walk from Ottaviano Metro Station. There are elegant rooms with all amenities. Moreover, this is a nice choice for travelers interested in Italian culture, art, and museums.